Seoh Fifecge frumtraht

{{Rimcraeftniwenglish}}
{{Infobox gesceapu
| nama          = Fifecge
| ymele         = Regular polygon 5 annotated.svg
| gewrit        = Ǣn samaflanc fifecge
| rind          = 5
| sclæfligruna  = {5}
| oferside      = Manigfult
| tweoflaedig   = 108°
}}
Sēo '''fifecge''' ({{lang-en|pentagon}}) oþþe '''fifhyrne ġesceap''' is sēo ġesċeap ƿiþ [[fif]] ecgeġen.

== Samaflanc fifecges ==
[[File:Regular pentagon 1.svg|thumb|Rind (<math>t</math>), [[ymbhrēodanfex]]<!--circumradius--> (<math>R</math>), inwrāted hring hrēodanfex (<math>r</math>), stēapnes ({{lang-en|height}}) {{Nowrap|(<math>R + r</math>)}}, wīdnes/gegendliht {{Nowrap|(<math>\varphi t</math>)}}]]

Sēo ''[[samaflanc gesceap|samaflanc]] fifecge'' hæfde sēo [[sclæfligruna]] æf {5} ond [[innyrdigfeald]]s <!--interior angle--> æf 108°.

Sēo ''[[samaflanc gesceap|samaflanc]] fifecge'' hæfde fif rindenes æf [[ābēodendlīcum gelīċnes]], and [[ymbhrǣdlic gelīċnes]] æf ordre 5 (þurh 72°, 144°, 216° and 288°). Þē [[gegendliht]]s <!--diagonal--> æf sēo [[utbendanġesceap|ūtbendan]] gewunlic fifecge are in þē [[golden hlutord]] to hits rindenes. Giefan hits side lengð <math>t,</math> hits stēapne <math>H</math> (feornes fram ān side to þē wiðerlang hwyrftstān), wīdnes ({{lang-en|width}}) <math>W</math> (feornes betwēonum tƿā feorrum āgesliten ords, hwic īsgelīcen þē gegendliht lengð <math>D</math>) and ymbhrēodanfex <math>R</math> are giefan by:

:<math>\begin{align}
    H &= \frac{\sqrt{5+2\sqrt{5}}}{2}~t \approx 1.539~t, \\
    W=
    D &= \frac{1 + \sqrt5}{2}~t\approx 1.618~t, \\
    W &= \sqrt{2-\frac{2}{\sqrt{5}}} \cdot H\approx 1.051~H, \\
    R &= \sqrt{\frac{5+\sqrt{5}}{10}} t\approx 0.8507~t, \\
    D &= R\ {\sqrt { \frac {5 + \sqrt{5}}{2}} } = 2R\cos 18^\circ = 2R\cos\frac{\pi}{10} \approx 1.902~R.
\end{align}</math>

Sēo oferside æf sēo ūtbendan gewunlic fifecge ƿiþ side lengð <math>t</math> is giefan by
:<math>\begin{align}
   A &= \frac{{t^2 \sqrt {25 + 10\sqrt 5} }}{4} = \frac{5t^2 \tan 54^\circ}{4} \\
     &= \frac{\sqrt{5(5 + 2\sqrt{5})} \;t^2}{4} \approx 1.720~t^2.
\end{align}</math>

If þē ymbhrēodanfex <math>R</math> æf sēo gewunlic fifecge is giefan, hits eċġ lengð <math>t</math> is befunden by þē ǣwednes
:<math>t = R\ {\sqrt { \frac {5 - \sqrt{5}}{2}} } = 2R\sin 36^\circ = 2R\sin\frac{\pi}{5} \approx 1.176~R,</math>

and hits oferside is

:<math>A = \frac{5R^2}{4}\sqrt{\frac{5 + \sqrt{5}}{2}};</math>

siþþan þē oferside æf þē ymbwrāted hring is <math>\pi R^2,</math> þē gewunlic fifecges fills nēah 0.7568 æf hits ymbwrāted hring.

=== Derivation æf þē oferside gerihtlǣcung ===
Þē oferside æf ænig gewunlic ġesceap is:
:<math>A = \frac{1}{2}Pr</math>

ƿǣr ''P'' is þē ymbhāt ({{lang-en|perimeter}}) æf þē ġesceap, and ''r'' is þē [[onhrēodanfex]] (gemænelīceg þē [[apothem]]). Underbēogenden þē gewunlic fifecges wurðscipes fore ''P'' and ''r'' giefas þē gerihtlǣcung
:<math>A = \frac{1}{2} \cdot 5t \cdot \frac{t\tan\mathord\left(\frac{3 \pi}{10}\right)}{2} = \frac{5t^2\tan\mathord\left(\frac{3 \pi}{10}\right)}{4}</math>
ƿiþ sīde lengð ''t''.

=== Onhrēodanfex ===

Anlīċ to ǣġhwelċ gewunlic ūtbendan ġesceap, þē gewunlic ūtbendan fifecge hæfde an [[tangential ġesceap|inwrāted hring]]. Þē [[apothem]], hwic is þē hrēodanfex ''r'' æf þē inwrāted hring, æf sēo gewunlic fifecge is geferian to þē sīde lengð ''t'' by

:<math>r = \frac{t}{2\tan\mathord\left(\frac{\pi}{5}\right)} = \frac{t}{2\sqrt{5 - \sqrt{20}}} \approx 0.6882 \cdot t.</math>

=== Strēowas fram þē ymbwrāted hring to þē ƿēohpunctu ===
Līciġe ǣġhwelċ gewunlic ūtbendanġesceap, þē gewunlic ūtbendan fifhyrne hæfde sēo [[ymbwrāted hring]]. Fore sēo gewunlic fifhyrne ƿiþ æfterfylgendlic ƿēohpunctu A, B, C, D, E,  if P is ænig ord on þē ymbhring betwēonum ord B and C, þēn PA + PD = PB + PC + PE.

=== Ord in plane ===
Fore æn wyllfull ord in þē plane æf sēo gewunlic fifhyrne ƿiþ ymbhrēodanfex <math>R</math>, hwæs feornesse to þē gemǣnellǣhtwyrft æf þē gewunlic fifhyrne and hits fif ƿēohpunctu are <math>L</math> and <math>d_i</math>
gehwādorlīce, ƿē habbað<ref name="Mamuka">{{cite journal |last1=Meskhishvili |first1=Mamuka |date=2020 |title=Cyclic Averages æf Regular Polygons and Platonic Solids |url=https://www.rgnpublications.com/journals/index.php/cma/article/view/1420/1065 |journal=Communications in Mathematics and Applications |volume=11 |pages=335–355 }}</ref>

:<math>\begin{align}
  \textstyle \sum_{i=1}^5 d_i^2 &= 5\left(R^2 + L^2\right), \\
  \textstyle \sum_{i=1}^5 d_i^4 &= 5\left(\left(R^2 + L^2\right)^2 + 2R^2 L^2\right), \\
  \textstyle \sum_{i=1}^5 d_i^6 &= 5\left(\left(R^2 + L^2\right)^3 + 6R^2 L^2 \left(R^2 + L^2\right)\right), \\
  \textstyle \sum_{i=1}^5 d_i^8 &= 5\left(\left(R^2 + L^2\right)^4 + 12R^2 L^2 \left(R^2 + L^2\right)^2 + 6R^4 L^4\right).
\end{align}</math>

If <math>d_i</math> are þē feornesse fram þē ƿēohpunctu æf sēo gewunlic fifhyrne to ænig ord on hits ymbhringġesceap <!--circumcircle-->, þēn <ref name= Mamuka />

:<math>3\left(\textstyle \sum_{i=1}^5 d_i^2\right)^2 = 10 \textstyle \sum_{i=1}^5 d_i^4 .</math>

=== Geometrical bytles ===

Þē gewunlic fifhyrne is edlēhendlic ƿiþ [[færanfæþm and straighteċġ]], as 5 is sēo [[Fermat prime]]. Sēo gerifl æf ǣrendweges are cnāwen fore bytleden sēo gewunlic fifhyrne. Sum are gedǣled neoþera.

==== Ricemunden ǣrendweg ====
[[File:Richmond pentagon 1.PNG|160px|thumb]]
Ān ǣrendweg to bytle sēo gewunlic fifhyrnein sēo giefan hringġesceap is æfwrāted by Ricemund<ref name=Richmond>{{Cite journal|last=Richmond|first= Herbert W. |title=A Edlēhendlicen fore sēo Regular Polygon of Seventeen Sides | journal=The Quarterly Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics|volume= 26|pages= 206–207|year= 1893 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bcMKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA206 }}</ref> and ġēond gedǣled in Cromwell's ''[[Polyhedra (book)|Polyhedra]]''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Polyhedra |title-link=Polyhedra (book)|author=Peter R. Cromwell |date=22 July 1999|at=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OJowej1QWpoC&pg=PA63 p. 63] |isbn=0-521-66405-5}}</ref>

Þē top scēadwelle geswutelaþ þē edlēhendlic brūcaned in Ricemunden ǣrendweg to cræfte þē sīde of þē inwrāted fifhyrne. Þē hringġesceap geƿissung þē fifhyrne hæfde ord hrēodanfex. Hits middel is befērēd æt ord ''C'' and sēo middumord ''M'' is gemearcod hālfweg be hits hrēodanfex. Þis ord is tōgæderebunden to þē ytemest swāupp upper þē middel æt ord ''D''. Hyrne ''CMD'' is twafealden, and þē twafoldere samētanes þē uppīweard stefn æt ord ''Q''. Sēo wīdnesline þurh ''Q'' samētanes þē hringġesceap æt ord ''P'', and strēowa ''PD'' is þē þearf sīde æf þē inwrāted fifhyrne.

Tō bestimma þē lengð æf þis side, þē tƿā rihtþrīhyrnes ''DCM'' and ''QCM'' are geƿeorþod neoþera þē hringġesceap. Brūcende [[Pīthagoras þeoruma]] and twa rindenes, þē underwige æf þē lengra þrīhyrnes is befunden as <math>\scriptstyle \sqrt{5}/2</math>. Sīde ''h'' æf þē læssa þrīhyrne þēn is befunden brūcende þē [[twāfealdhyrne gerihtlǣcung]]:
:<math>\tan(\phi/2) = \frac{1 - \cos(\phi)}{\sin(\phi)} \ ,</math>

ƿǣr cōsīne and sīne æf ''ϕ'' are cnāwen fram þē lengra þrīhyrne. Þē geswutelung is:
:<math>h = \frac{\sqrt 5 - 1}{4} \ .</math>

If DP is sōðlīce þē sīde æf sēo gewunlic fifhyrne, <math>m \angle\mathrm{CDP} = 54^\circ</math>, so DP = 2 cos(54°), QD = DP cos(54°) = 2cos<sup>2</sup>(54°), and CQ = 1 − 2cos<sup>2</sup>(54°), hwic īsgelīcen −cos(108°) by þē cōsīne [[twāfeald gerihtlǣcung]].  Þis is þē cōsīne æf 72°, [[sōðfæst þrymfealdīggemētrīce wurðscipes#Common angles|hwic īsgelīcen]] <math>\left(\sqrt 5 - 1\right)/4</math> as gewilnode.

==== Ceorlēl hringġesceapu ====
{{Main|Ceorlēl hring}}
[[File:Regular Pentagon Using Carlyle Circle.gif|thumb|Ǣrendweg brūcende Ceorlēl hringġesceap]]
Sēo Ceorlēl hringġesceap wæs crǣften as sēo gemetgemostric ǣrendweg to ġefrīgean þē wyrtwela æf sēo [[fēoworhyrnum efenunga]].<ref name=Weisstein>{{cite book |title=CRC concise encyclopedia of mathematics |author=Eric W. Weisstein |page=329 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zg1_QZsylysC&pg=PA329 |isbn=1-58488-347-2 |year=2003 |edition =2nd |publisher=CRC Press}}</ref> Þis ǣrendgewritlīce to sēo procedure fore bytleden sēo gewunlic fifhyrne. Þe stōpen are ǣs fallowen:<ref name=DeTemple>{{cite journal|last=DeTemple|first=Duane W.|title=Carlyle circles and Lemoine simplicity æf polygon constructions|journal=The American Mathematical Monthly|date=Feb 1991|volume=98|issue=2|pages=97–108|url=http://apollonius.math.nthu.edu.tw/d1/ne01/jyt/linkjstor/regular/1.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221113614/http://apollonius.math.nthu.edu.tw/d1/ne01/jyt/linkjstor/regular/1.pdf#3|doi=10.2307/2323939|jstor=2323939|archive-date=2015-12-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

# Drage sēo [[hringġesceap]] in hwic to inwrāt þē fifhyrne and mark þē middelord ''O''.
# Drage sēo wīdnesline þurh þē middel æf þē hringġesceap. Mark þē left samētanum ƿiþ þē hringġesceap as ord ''B''.
# Bytle sēo uppīweard line þurh þē middel. Mark ān samētanum ƿiþ þē hringġesceap as ord ''A''.
# Bytle þē ord ''M'' as þē middumord æf ''O'' and ''B''.
# Drage sēo hringġesceap middeled æt ''M'' þurh þē ord ''A''. Mark hits samētanum ƿiþ þē wīdnesline (inside þē frumlic hringġesceap) as þē ord ''W'' and hits samētanum outside þē hringġesceap as þē ord ''V''.
# Drage sēo hringġesceap æf hrēodanfex ''OA'' and middel ''W''. Hit samētanumes þē frumlic hringġesceap æt tƿā æf þē ƿēohpunctu æf þē fifhyrne.
# Drage sēo hringġesceap æf hrēodanfex ''OA'' and middel ''V''. Hit samētanumes þē frumlic hringġesceap æt tƿā æf þē ƿēohpunctu æf þē fifhyrne.
# Þē fifþ hwyrftstān is þē rihtmǣst samētanum æf þē wīdnesline ƿiþ þē frumlic hringġesceap.
Steps 6–8 are gemænelīce to þē fylgende feorðunga, getǣled in þē hrinanġemāting:

: 6a. Bytle ord F as þē middumord æf O and W.

: 7a. Bytle sēo uppīweard line þurh F. Hit samētanes þē frumlic hringġesceap æt tƿā æf þē ƿēohpunctu æf þē fifhyrne. Þe þird hwyrftstān is þē rihtmǣst samētanum æf þē wīdnesline ƿiþ þē frumlic hringġesceap.

: 8a. Bytle þē ōþer twa ƿēohpunctu brūcende þē [[færanfæþm]] and þē lengð æf  þē hwyrftstān befunden in step 7a.

==== Ewcleoden ǣrendweg ====
[[File:01-Pentagon-Euklid Animation.gif|thumb|400px|Euclid's ǣrendweges fore fifhyrne æt sēo giefan hringġesceap, brūcende þē [[Golden þrīhyrne (rīmcræft)|golden þrīhyrne]], animation 1 min 39 s]]
Sēo gewunlic fifhyrne is [[towearplic ġesceap|towearplic]] brūcende sēo [[færanfæþm ond streċċaneċġ]], ǣġhwæþer by inscribing ān in sēo giefan hringġesceap or bytleden ān on sēo giefan eċġ. Þis gecynd wæron ǣfwrāted by [[Ewcleod]] on his bōc, ''[[Ewcleoden Ādalen|Ādalen]]'' circa 300 BC.<ref name=Martin>{{cite book |title=Geometric constructions |author=George Edward Martin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABLtD3IE_RQC&pg=PA6 |page=6 |isbn=0-387-98276-0 |year=1998 |publisher=Springer}}</ref><ref name=Fitzpatrick>{{cite book |title=Euklid's Elements of Geometry, Book 4, Proposition 11 |translator=Richard Fitzpatrick | url=https://farside.ph.utexas.edu/books/Euclid/Elements.pdf#page=120&zoom=auto,-205,774|isbn=978-0-615-17984-1| page=119 |year=2008|last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=Richard }}</ref>

=== Lychamlic ƿeorc ǣrendweges ===
[[File:Overhand-folded-ribbon-pentagon.svg|thumb|Offerhond cnotta æf sēo papyr stripe]]
* Sēo gewunlic fifhyrne magan biþ cræftum fram iust sēo stripe æf papyr by tying an [[offerhond cnotta]] ōntū þē stripe and carefully flattæneg þē cnotta by pulliġen þē ends æf þē papyr stripe. Fealdeg ān æf þē endes bæc offer þē fifhyrne willa sċēawaþ sēo [[fīfhyrnedesteorra]]<!--pentagram--> when bæclīhtte.<ref>''[[Mathematical Models (Cundy and Rollett)|Mathematical Models]]'' by [[Mærtyn Cundīg|H. Mærtyn Cundīg]] and A.P. Rollett, second edition, 1961 (Oxnaford University Press), p. 57.</ref>
* Bytle sēo gewunlic [[seoxhyrne]] on stīf papyr or bord. Twāfeald ǣlang þē þrī diameters betwēonum wiðerlang ƿēohpunctu. Cutt fram ān hwyrftstān tō þē middel tō macen an samaflanc þrīhyrneum flēapan. Gelfan þis flēapan underneoþan hits nēahgebyr to cræften sēo [[fifhyrnum þrīhyrnetorr]]. Þē baas æf þē þrīhyrnetorr<!--pyramid--> is sēo gewunlic fifhyrne.

=== Ȝelīċnes ===
[[File:Symmetries of pentagon.png|thumb|200px|Gelīċnese æf sēo gewunlic fifhyrne. Ƿēohpunctu are fægn by þir gelīċnes positions. Blewespēgel rindenes are dragen þurh ƿēohpunctu and eċġen. Gyration ordren are giefan in þē middel.]]

Þē ''gewunlic fifhyrne'' has [[twyflax gelīċnes|Twyflax<sub>5</sub> gelīċnes]], ordre 10. Siþþan 5 is sēo [[formarim]]<!--prime number--> þǣr is ān underflocc ƿiþ twyflax gelīċnes: Dih<sub>1</sub>, and 2 [[cyclic flocc]] gelīċnese: Z<sub>5</sub>, and Z<sub>1</sub>.

Þas 4 gelīċnese cunnan biþ geseon on 4 geondweard gelīċnese on þē fifhyrne. [[Iohannes Hwortūn Cōnweg|Iohannes Cōnweg]] ingraves þas by sēo rūna and flocc ordren.<ref>John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, [[Chaim Goodman-Strauss]], (2008) The Symmetries æf Things, ISBN: 978-1-56881-220-5 (Chapter 20, Generalized Schaefli symbols, Types of gelīċnes æf sēo polygon pp. 275-278)</ref> Full gelīċnes æf þē gewunlic form is '''r10''' and no gelīċnes is ingraved '''a1'''. Đā twyflaxen gemetgemostras syndon dælode be þǣm hwæðer hī faraþ þurh wēohsēoꝛpunga ('''d''' fore gegendliht) or eċġen ('''p''' fore perpendiculars), and '''i''' hwænne ābēodendlīc rindenes bēah þurh bēgen eċġen and wēohpunctu. Hringlic gelīċnese in þē middel stēap are ingraved as '''g''' fore hiera midlig gyration ordren.

Gæt wēnġungflocc geliċnes hlēomāþe wēlġað wān oþþe mā dæġēð ān wīnōð ofer unġewōðelicum ƿyrmbēam. Ānlȳċ þæt '''g5''' ƥēodhlēomāþ hæfð nān frīġedēoƿu āc mæġ bēon gesēon swā [[bewundenum hrēod]].

=== Gewunlic fīfhyrnedesteorra ===
{{Main|Fīfhyrnedesteorra}}
Sēo fīfhyrnedesteorra is sēo [[gewunlic ġesceap|gewunlic]] [[steorraġesceap|steorra]] fifhyrne. Hits [[Sclæfliruna]] is {5/2}. Hits rindenes form þē gegendlihts æf sēo gewunlic ūtbendan fifhyrne – in þis gecynd þē [[Fīfhyrnedesteorra#Golden hlutord|rindenes of þē tƿā fifhyrnen]] are in þē [[golden hlutord]].

== Fruman ==
{{reflist}}

{{Gesceapu}}
[[Flocc:Ġesċeapu]]